• Jeffrey Y C Wong, Andrea R Filippi, Marta Scorsetti, Susanta Hui, Ludvig P Muren, and Pietro Mancosu.
• Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
• Lancet Oncol. 2020 Oct 1; 21 (10): e477-e487.

AbstractThe use of total body irradiation as part of conditioning regimens for acute leukaemia is progressively declining because of concerns of late toxic effects and the introduction of radiation-free regimens. Total marrow irradiation and total marrow and lymphoid irradiation represent more targeted forms of radiotherapy compared with total body irradiation that have the potential to decrease toxicity and escalate the dose to the bone marrow for high-risk patients. We review the technological basis and the clinical development of total marrow irradiation and total marrow and lymphoid irradiation, highlighting both the possible advantages as well as the current roadblocks for widespread implementation among transplantation units. The exact role of total marrow irradiation or total marrow and lymphoid irradiation in new conditioning regimens seems dependent on its technological implementation, aiming to make the whole procedure less time consuming, more streamlined, and easier to integrate into the clinical workflow. We also foresee a role for computer-assisted planning, as a way to improve planning and delivery and to incorporate total marrow irradiation and total marrow and lymphoid irradiation in multi-centric phase 2-3 trials.Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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