• Sylvia Annabel Dass, Kim Liu Tan, Rehasri Selva Rajan, Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar, Elis Rosliza Mohd Adzmi, Wan Faiziah Wan Abdul Rahman, Tengku Ahmad Damitri Al-Astani Tengku Din, and Venugopal Balakrishnan.
• Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
• Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Jan 12; 57 (1).

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with no expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). It is a highly metastasized, heterogeneous disease that accounts for 10-15% of total breast cancer cases with a poor prognosis and high relapse rate within five years after treatment compared to non-TNBC cases. The diagnostic and subtyping of TNBC tumors are essential to determine the treatment alternatives and establish personalized, targeted medications for every TNBC individual. Currently, TNBC is diagnosed via a two-step procedure of imaging and immunohistochemistry (IHC), which are operator-dependent and potentially time-consuming. Therefore, there is a crucial need for the development of rapid and advanced technologies to enhance the diagnostic efficiency of TNBC. This review discusses the overview of breast cancer with emphasis on TNBC subtypes and the current diagnostic approaches of TNBC along with its challenges. Most importantly, we have presented several promising strategies that can be utilized as future TNBC diagnostic modalities and simultaneously enhance the efficacy of TNBC diagnostic.

11 keywords...

hide…