• Nicole B Lyons, Karla Bernardi, Oscar A Olavarria, Puja Shah, Naila Dhanani, Michele Loor, Julie L Holihan, and Mike K Liang.
• Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: lyons.nicole.b@gmail.com.
• Am. J. Med. Sci. 2021 Feb 1; 361 (2): 151-168.

BackgroundDisparity exists between men and women physicians. We aimed to examine changes in gender disparity in the medical profession over the last two decades. The study reviewed publications on gender differences and the measures which have been implemented or suggested to rectify these disparities.MethodsPubmed, Embase, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched in December 2019 using ("gender disparity" OR "gender gap" OR "pay gap" OR "gender discrimination") from 1998-2019. The sources list of reviewed articles was also used to retrieve more relevant articles. Articles about physicians in the United States were included, and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used to evaluate the quality of the articles.ResultsIn this systematic review that includes 49 studies, there is still disparity and discrimination in research, leadership, and pay between male and female physicians. Women have less leadership roles and progress at a slower rate to associate and full professor. Women publish less articles and have a lower h-index than men. Men earn $20,000 more a year after salary adjustment. More women than men experience negative comments about their gender (36% vs 4%), experience gender discrimination (65% vs 10%) and sexual harassment (30% vs 6%).ConclusionsAlthough substantial research exists on this topic, there remains significant room for improvement to achieve gender equality. Institutions and individuals should implement interventions to rectify this disparity .Copyright © 2020 Southern Society for Clinical Investigation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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