• Alessandro Mirra, Alois von Rotz, Marta Schmidhalter, Lara Moser, Daniela Casoni, and Claudia Spadavecchia.
• Division of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: alessandro.mirra@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
• Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018 May 1; 45 (3): 384-391.

ObjectiveTo describe and assess the ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block feasibility in calf cadavers, to compare two injection volumes and to evaluate possible undesired solution spreads.Study DesignProspective, descriptive, anatomic study.AnimalsA group of 15 bovine cadavers weighing 47±11 kg (mean±standard deviation).MethodsLateral (n = 24) and subcostal (n = 12) TAP block approaches were assessed. For each approach, two volumes (0.2 or 0.4 mL kg-1) of toluidine blue and contrast medium were injected using both sides of the animals. Nerve staining was assessed by anatomical dissection and spread of injectate by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Objective and subjective technique feasibility was evaluated by a specific score (poor, good, excellent).ResultsUsing the lateral approach, 58%, 92% and 25% and 75%, 83% and 25% of the thirteenth thoracic, first and second lumbar nerves were stained by 0.2 and 0.4 mL kg-1, respectively. Craniocaudal and dorsoventral solution spread and number of blocks that adequately stained an individual nerve were not significantly different between the volumes. Using the subcostal approach, 67%, 83%, 67%, 67% and 50%, and 83%, 100%, 83%, 83% and 50% of the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth thoracic nerves were stained by 0.2 and 0.4 mL kg-1, respectively. With both techniques, no intraspinal and one intraperitoneal spread were observed. Objective and subjective feasibility score was excellent for both approaches in the majority of the cases.Conclusions And Clinical RelevanceTAP injections were easy to perform with both techniques in calf cadavers. The volume of injectate did not influence spread. The authors conclude that a combination of the two approaches is necessary, but perhaps not sufficient, to stain all of the nerves innervating the ventral abdominal wall. Further studies are required to refine the technique and evaluate its efficacy in preventing nociception in calves.Copyright © 2018 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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