• Bing Yan, Hongfei Lou, Yang Wang, Ying Li, Yifan Meng, Sihan Qi, Ming Wang, Lei Xiao, Chengshuo Wang, and Luo Zhang.
• Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China.
• J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2019 Aug 1; 144 (2): 455-469.

BackgroundThe interaction between epithelial cells and immune cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP); however, the mechanism or mechanisms underlying TH-biased inflammation in this process are largely unknown. Profiling protein expression in patients with CRSwNP by using shotgun proteomics suggested that cystatin SN (CST1), a type 2 cysteine protease inhibitor, might play a role because this was expressed with the greatest difference in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (ECRSwNP) and those with noneosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (nonECRSwNP).ObjectivesWe sought to investigate the expression and role of CST1 in modulating eosinophilic inflammation in patients with CRSwNP.MethodsSinonasal tissues were collected from 192 patients with ECRSwNP, 52 patients with nonECRSwNP, and 40 control subjects. CST1 mRNA expression, localization, and concentration in the tissues were measured by using real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and an ELISA. Recombinant CST1 was used to further explore the function of the molecule in dispersed nasal polyp cells and eosinophils extracted from polyp tissues and peripheral blood.ResultsCST1 was mainly expressed by epithelial cells and significantly increased in patients with ECRSwNP but decreased in patients with nonECRSwNP compared with that in control subjects. CST1 expression was further increased in patients with ECRSwNP and comorbid asthma and correlated with eosinophil percentages in tissue samples. CST1 was induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in tissue from both patients with ECRSwNP and those with nonECRSwNP and repressed by IL-17A in patients with nonECRSwNP in the presence of neutrophils. CST1 enhanced eosinophil activation and recruitment through induction of IL-5.ConclusionEpithelium-derived CST1 modulates eosinophil activation and recruitment, expression of which could be regulated by TH2 and TH17 cytokines.Copyright © 2019 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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