• Rodolfo Montironi, Matteo Santoni, Valeria Sotte, Liang Cheng, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Francesco Massari, Marc R Matrana, Holger Moch, Rossana Berardi, and Marina Scarpelli.
• Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37124 Verona, Italy. fmassari79@gmail.com.
• Curr Drug Targets. 2016 Jan 1; 17 (7): 777-82.

AbstractInnate and adaptive immunity are both involved in prostate cancer (PCa) carcinogenesis and progression. On this scenario, several immunotherapeutic approaches have been proposed and are presently under extensive investigation in PCa patients. Among emerging immune targets, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated protein 4 (CTLA-4), anti-Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and anti-Programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents seem to represent the most promising candidate for these patients, together with oncolytic viruses and vaccines, used alone or in combined strategies. In this review, we focused on emerging immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with PCa, showing the rational for their association with current standard therapies including anti-androgen agents, chemo- or radiation therapy.

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