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- Michael C Carr.
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Wood Center, 3rd Floor, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. carr@email.chop.edu
- Curr Urol Rep. 2010 Mar 1; 11 (2): 109-13.
AbstractThe nonsurgical management of patients with spina bifida is predicated on maintaining a compliant bladder of adequate size or correcting detrusor sphincter dyssynergy that can lead to progressive bladder damage and ultimately upper tract changes. Pharmacologic management, targeted at the detrusor and/or external sphincter, can be done. Neuromodulation using transcutaneous approaches with interferential electrostimulation, sacral (S2-S3) via digital transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation all have shown varied successes.
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