• Peter Vermeir, An Mariman, Lilla Lucza, Viola Sallay, Anne Weiland, Karen M Stegers-Jager, and Dirk Vogelaers.
• Ghent University/Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
• Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2021 Dec 1; 75 (12): e14855.

BackgroundSince the pathophysiology of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) remains unclear, healthcare providers often struggle with these patients, especially with a different ethnic and/or cultural background. These challenges are insufficiently addressed in their training and in the organisation of care.AimTo improve healthcare provider-patient interaction focused on MUS patients in general and in ethnic minorities and refugees in particular through a systematic review of syndromal definitions and epidemiology and organisation of care of MUS patients.MethodsScreening of PubMed, Web of Science, Cinahl and Cochrane Library on the keywords 'Medical unexplained (physical) symptoms (MUPS)', 'Somatoform disorder', 'Functional syndrome', 'Diversity', 'Migrants', 'Ethnicity', 'Care models', 'Medical education', 'Communication skills', 'Health literacy'.ResultsDifferent case definitions result in markedly different epidemiological estimates for MUS patients. Nevertheless, they are prevalent in a wide range of healthcare settings. Literature offers evidence of the effectiveness of structural frameworks in approaching MUS patients. Organisation of MUS care needs to transcend different levels of care: specialist tertiary and secondary care and primary care involving different qualifications of caregivers need to be aligned.ConclusionThe systematic review identified significant gaps and shortcomings in organisation of care. These need to be addressed in order to improve outcomes.© 2021 The Authors. International Journal of Clinical Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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