• Haralambos Dinopoulos, Rozalia Dimitriou, and Peter V Giannoudis.
• Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Clarendon Wing, Floor A, Great George Street, Leeds General Infirmary, LS1 3EX Leeds, UK.
• Surg J R Coll Surg E. 2012 Aug 1; 10 (4): 230-9.

AbstractCurrently, a number of bone grafting materials are available in the clinical setting to enhance bone regeneration, varying from autologous bone to several bone graft substitutes. Although autologous bone remains the "gold standard" for stimulating bone repair and regeneration, the morbidity from its harvesting and its restricted availability generated the need for the development of other materials or strategies either to substitute autologous bone graft or expand its limited supply. Bone graft substitutes can possess one or more components: an osteoconductive matrix, acting as a scaffold; osteoinductive proteins and other growth factors to induce differentiation and proliferation of bone-forming cells; and osteogenic cells for bone formation. Based on their distinct properties, all these bone grafting alternatives have specific indications, and can be used either alone or in combination. In this review, we summarise the available bone grafting materials, focussing mainly on the various bone substitutes and their characteristics, in an effort to specify the indications for their use.Copyright © 2012 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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