• Marcia Pettenon, Felix Henrique Paim Kessler, Luciano S P Guimarães, Rosemeri Siqueira Pedroso, Simone Hauck, and Flavio Pechansky.
• Center for Drug & Alcohol Research, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
• Indian J Med Res. 2014 Jun 1; 139 (6): 835840835-40.

Background & ObjectivesEvidence has suggested that parenting styles have peculiar characteristics in families with drug-related issues. This study was undertaken to investigate the perception of crack (smoke cocaine) users and non-users about parental bonding quality regarding care and control in Brazil.MethodsA total of 198 hospitalized crack users and 104 users of any non-illicit drug were assessed using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).ResultsAdjusted logistic regression analysis showed that crack users were more likely (ORadj=9.68; 95% CI: 2.82, 33.20) to perceive neglectful mothers, as well as more likely (ORadj=4.71, 95% CI: 2.17, 10.22) to perceive controlling and affectionless fathers in comparison with non-illicit drug users who were more likely to perceive optimal parenting.Interpretation & ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the perception of neglectful mothers and affectionless controlling fathers may be associated with the tendency of the children to be less resilient when facing stressful events, leading them to a greater risk to use crack.

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