• Dusko Ilic, Liani Devito, Cristian Miere, and Stefano Codognotto.
• Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK dusko.ilic@kcl.ac.uk.
• Br. Med. Bull. 2015 Jan 1; 116: 19-27.

BackgroundHuman embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC and hiPSC) have tremendous potential for clinical implementation. In spite of all hurdles and controversy, clinical trials in treatment of spinal cord injury, macular degeneration of retina, type 1 diabetes and heart failure are already ongoing.Sources Of DataClinicalTrials.gov database, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, PubMed and press releases and websites of companies and institutions working on hESC- and iPSC-based cellular therapy.Areas Of AgreementThe initial results from multiple clinical trials demonstrate that hESC-based therapies are safe and promising.Areas Of ControversyAre iPSC cells safe in the clinical application? Is there a room for both hESC and iPSC in the future clinical applications?Growing PointsIncreasing number of new clinical trials.Areas Timely For Developing ResearchDevelopment of hESC- and/or iPSC-based cellular therapy for other diseases.© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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