• Virendra K Arya, Waiel Al-Moustadi, and Vikas Dutta.
• Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
• Curr Opin Crit Care. 2022 Jun 1; 28 (3): 340347340-347.

Purpose Of ReviewThe purpose of this article is to review various contemporary cardiac output (CO) measurement technologies available and their utility in critically ill patients.Recent FindingsCO measurement devices can be invasive, minimally invasive, or noninvasive depending upon their method of CO measurement. All devices have pros and cons, with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) being the gold standard. The invasive techniques are more accurate; however, their invasiveness can cause more complications. The noninvasive devices predict CO via mathematical modeling with several assumptions and are thus prone to errors in clinical situations. Recently, PAC has made a comeback into clinical practice especially in cardiac intensive care units (ICUs). Critical care echocardiography (CCE) is an upcoming tool that not only provides CO but also helps in differential diagnosis. Lack of proper training and nonavailability of equipment are the main hindrances to the wide adoption of CCE.SummaryPAC thermodilution for CO measurement is still gold standard and most suitable in patients with cardiac pathology and with experienced user. CCE offers an alternative to thermodilution and is suitable for all ICUs; however, structural training is required.Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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