• Ainoã Cristina de Oliveira Cândido, Felipe Silva Neves, Vanessa Sequeira Fontes, Adriana Soares Torres Melo, Eliane Rodrigues de Faria, Michele Pereira Netto, Renata Maria Souza Oliveira, George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho, and Ana Paula Carlos Cândido.
• Department of Nutrition, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Graduate Program in Public Health, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: ainoacris@yahoo.com.br.
• Nutrition. 2024 Jan 1; 117: 112226112226.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of breakfast consumption and estimate its associations with the consumption of food at different degrees of industrial processing and with overweight indicators in Brazilian adolescents.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved a probabilistic sample of 14- to 19-y-old adolescents enrolled in 29 public schools in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeast Brazil (n = 805). The frequency of breakfast consumption was evaluated via a questionnaire (classified into "do not consume", "sometimes consume", and "regularly consume"). The evaluation of food consumption involved two 24-h dietary recalls, the items of which were analyzed according to the NOVA classification system. Overweight indicators (waist circumference, body mass index for age (BMI-for-age), and body fat percentage) were evaluated according to a standard protocol. Linear regression models were performed, first without and then with adjustments for sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsWe found that 20% of adolescents skipped breakfast, and ∼46% of the caloric intake came from ultra-processed foods. Breakfast omission was associated with a mean increase of 3.02% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-5.53) in energy intake from ultra-processed foods, in addition to a mean increase of 0.28 z-score (95% CI, 0.05- 0.52) of BMI-for-age and of 1.64% (95% CI, 0.21-3.08) in body fat.ConclusionsWe verified that the omission of breakfast was associated with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, as well as a higher BMI-for-age and higher percentage of body fat, reinforcing the importance of actions to encourage the consumption of this meal and the adoption of healthy eating practices in adolescents.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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