• Jyoti Ghosal, Ambarish Dutta, Jaya Singh Kshatri, Arundhuti Das, Srikanta Kanungo, Aalapti Singh, Sushmita Kerketta, Shishirendu Ghosal, Harpreet Kaur, Madhusmita Bal, Manoranjan Ranjit, Sudhir Kumar Satpathy, and Sanghamitra Pati.
• Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University; Department of Immunology, Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
• Indian J Med Res. 2023 May 1; 157 (5): 412420412-420.

Background & ObjectivesAssessing healthcare seeking behaviour (HSB), healthcare utilization and related out-of-pocket expenditures of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of India through a prism of the health system may help to achieve equitable health outcomes. Therefore, this comprehensive study was envisaged to examine these issues among PVTGs of Odisha, India. However, there exists no validated questionnaire to measure these variables among PVTGs. Therefore, a study questionnaire was developed for this purpose and validated.MethodsQuestionnaire was constructed in four phases: questionnaire development, validity assessment, pilot testing and reliability assessment. Nine domain experts face validated questionnaire in two rounds, followed by a single round of quantitative content validity. Next, the questionnaire was pretested in three rounds using cognitive interviews and pilot-tested among 335 and 100 eligible individuals for the two sections healthcare seeking behaviour (HSB-Q) and maternal and child healthcare service utilization (MCHSU-Q). Internal consistency reliability was assessed for de novo HSB-Q.ResultsOn two rounds of expert-driven face validity, 55 items were eliminated from 200 items. Questionnaire showed moderate to high content validity (item-level content validity index range: 0.78 to 1, scale-level content validity index/universal agreement: 0.73; scale-level content validity index/average: 0.96 and multirater kappa statistics range: 0.6 to 1). During the pre-test, items were altered until saturation was achieved. Pilot testing helped to refine interview modalities. The Cronbach alpha and McDonald's omega assessing internal consistency of HSB-Q were 0.8 and 0.85, respectively.Interpretation & ConclusionsThe questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable to explore healthcare seeking behaviour, maternal and child healthcare utilization and related out-of-pocket expenditure incurred by PVTGs of Odisha, India.

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