• S Benafif and R Eeles.
• Institute of Cancer Research, Oncogenetics, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
• Br. Med. Bull. 2016 Dec 1; 120 (1): 758975-89.

IntroductionProstate cancer (PrCa) is the commonest non-cutaneous cancer in men in the UK. Epidemiological evidence as well as twin studies points towards a genetic component contributing to aetiology.Sources Of DataKey recently published literature.Areas Of AgreementA family history of PrCa doubles the risk of disease development in first-degree relatives. Linkage and genetic sequencing studies identified rare moderate-high-risk gene loci, which predispose to PrCa development when altered by mutation. Genome-wide association studies have identified common single-nucleotide polypmorphisms (SNPs), which confer a cumulative risk of PrCa development with increasing number of risk alleles. There are emerging data that castrate-resistant disease is associated with mutations in DNA repair genes.Areas Of ControversyLinkage studies investigating possible high-risk loci leading to PrCa development identified possible loci on several chromosomes, but most have not been consistently replicated by subsequent studies. Germline SNPs related to prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and to normal tissue radiosensitivity have also been identified though not all have been validated in subsequent studies.Growing PointsUtilizing germline SNP profiles as well as identifying high-risk genetic variants could target screening to high-risk groups, avoiding the drawbacks of PSA screening.Areas Timely For Developing ResearchIncorporating genetics into PrCa screening is being investigated currently using both common SNP profiles and higher risk rare variants. Knowledge of germline genetic defects will allow the development of targeted screening programs, preventive strategies and the personalized treatment of PrCa.© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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