• Maaike M Migchelbrink, Sanne H M Kremers, Nicolette R den Braver, Lenka Groeneveld, EldersPetra J MPJMAmsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; General Practice, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Marieke T Blom, Joline W Beulens, and Femke Rutters.
• Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: maaikemigchelbrink@hotmail.com.
• Prev Med. 2024 Sep 1; 186: 108065108065.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate cross-sectional associations of total, animal, and plant-based protein intake and depressive symptoms in Dutch adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsWe included 1137 individuals with T2D (aged 68.6 ± 9.0) from the Hoorn Diabetes Care System cohort. Energy-adjusted protein intake was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10 and/or anti-depressant use) and the severity of depressive symptoms (continuous PHQ-9 score). Associations between total, animal, and plant-based protein (quartiles) with depressive symptoms were assessed using multiple logistic and linear regression.ResultsHighest intake of total, animal, and plant-based protein was not associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms, compared to lowest intake (e.g., total protein, ORQ4vsQ1:0.75, 95%CI 0.42;1.32). For the severity of depressive symptoms, highest total protein intake was significantly associated with lower PHQ-9 scores (ORQ4vsQ1:0.87, 95%CI 0.75;1.00), compared to lowest intake. Animal protein was not associated with the severity of depressive symptoms (β ∼ 1), while the association for plant-based protein was marginally non-significant (βQ4vsQ1:0.88, 95%CI 0.76;1.02).ConclusionIn individuals with T2D, higher total protein intake was associated with reduced severity of depressive symptoms, but not with the prevalence of depressive symptoms. Further prospective research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm these associations.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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