• David R Czuchlewski, Monica Brackney, Christina Ewers, Jonaki Manna, M Houman Fekrazad, Afton Martinez, Kurt B Nolte, Brian Hjelle, Ian Rabinowitz, Brian R Curtis, Janice G McFarland, Joan Baumbach, and Kathryn Foucar.
• Department of Pathology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA.
• Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2010 Mar 1;133(3):466-72.

AbstractLevamisole is a known contaminant of cocaine and, via this route, has been associated with otherwise unexplained agranulocytosis. Levamisole is currently present in the majority of cocaine samples seized by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. We identified 20 cases of unexplained agranulocytosis in our practice locations of Albuquerque, NM, and Vancouver, Canada. Epidemiologic investigation revealed recent or ongoing cocaine use in 14 cases (70%). Certain morphologic features, including circulating plasmacytoid lymphocytes, increased bone marrow plasma cells, and mild megakaryocytic hyperplasia, were associated with the cocaine-exposed group. Of 5 patients tested, 3 (60%) were HLA-B27+ and showed antineutrophil antibodies, consistent with known associations of levamisole-induced agranulocytosis. One patient, who was positive for cocaine and levamisole by toxicology testing, died of infectious complications. Inadvertent consumption of levamisole via cocaine is a severely under-appreciated risk factor for agranulocytosis, and specific laboratory features are suggestive of this etiology.

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