• Karen G Mellott, Mary Jo Grap, Cindy L Munro, Curtis N Sessler, Paul A Wetzel, Jon O Nilsestuen, and Jessica M Ketchum.
• Department of Acute and Continuing Care, School of Nursing, University of Texas Health, Health Science Center at Houston, 6901 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: Karen.G.Mellott@uth.tmc.edu.
• Heart Lung. 2014 May 1;43(3):231-43.

BackgroundPatient ventilator asynchrony (PVA) occurs frequently, but little is known about the types and frequency of PVA. Asynchrony is associated with significant patient discomfort, distress and poor clinical outcomes (duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit and hospital stay).MethodsPressure-time and flow-time waveform data were collected on 27 ICU patients using the Noninvasive Cardiac Output monitor for up to 90 min per subject and blinded waveform analysis was performed.ResultsPVA occurred during all phases of ventilated breaths and all modes of ventilation. The most common type of PVA was Ineffective Trigger. Ineffective trigger occurs when the patient's own breath effort will not trigger a ventilator breath. The overall frequency of asynchronous breaths in the sample was 23%, however 93% of the sample experienced at least one incident of PVA during their observation period. Seventy-seven percent of subjects experienced multiple types of PVA.ConclusionsPVA occurs frequently in a variety of types although the majority of PVA is ineffective trigger. The study uncovered previously unidentified waveforms that may indicate that there is a greater range of PVAs than previously reported. Newly described PVA, in particular, PVA combined in one breath, may signify substantial patient distress or poor physiological circumstance that clinicians should investigate.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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