• Hester J Scheffer, Karin Nielsen, Marcus C de Jong, Aukje A J M van Tilborg, Jenny M Vieveen, Arthur R A Bouwman, Sybren Meijer, Cornelis van Kuijk, Petrousjka M P van den Tol, and Martijn R Meijerink.
• Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: hj.scheffer@vumc.nl.
• J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014 Jul 1;25(7):997-1011; quiz 1011.

PurposeTo provide an overview of current clinical results of irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel, nonthermal tumor ablation technique that uses electric pulses to induce cell death, while preserving structural integrity of bile ducts and vessels.MethodsAll in-human literature on IRE reporting safety or efficacy or both was included. All adverse events were recorded. Tumor response on follow-up imaging from 3 months onward was evaluated.ResultsIn 16 studies, 221 patients had 325 tumors treated in liver (n = 129), pancreas (n = 69), kidney (n = 14), lung (n = 6), lesser pelvis (n = 1), and lymph node (n = 2). No major adverse events during IRE were reported. IRE caused only minor complications in the liver; however, three major complications were reported in the pancreas (bile leak [n = 2], portal vein thrombosis [n = 1]). Complete response at 3 months was 67%-100% for hepatic tumors (93%-100% for tumors o 3 cm). Pancreatic IRE combined with surgery led to prolonged survival compared with control patients (20 mo vs 13 mo) and significant pain reduction.ConclusionsIn cases where other techniques are unsuitable, IRE is a promising modality for the ablation of tumors near bile ducts and blood vessels. This articles gives an extensive overview of the available evidence, which is limited in terms of quality and quantity. With the limitations of the evidence in mind, IRE of central liver tumors seems relatively safe without major complications, whereas complications after pancreatic IRE appear more severe. The available limited results for tumor control are generally good. Overall, the future of IRE for difficult-to-reach tumors appears promising.Copyright © 2014 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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