• J Am Med Dir Assoc · Jan 2003

    Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale.

    • Victoria Warden, Ann C Hurley, and Ladislav Volicer.
    • Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA. Victoria.Warden@med.va.gov
    • J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan 1;4(1):9-15.

    ObjectivesTo develop a clinically relevant and easy to use pain assessment tool for individuals with advanced dementia that has adequate psychometric properties.DesignInstrument development study using expert clinicians and behavioral observation methods. Measurement of sensitivity of the instrument to detect the effects of analgesic medications in a quality improvement activity.SettingInpatient dementia special care units in a Veterans Administration Medical Center.ParticipantsNineteen residents with advanced dementia who were aphasic or lacked the ability to report their degree of pain and six professional staff members. Additionally, data from medical records of 25 residents who were receiving pain medications as required (PRN) were collected.MeasurementsBased on the literature review, related assessment tools and consultation with expert clinicians, a five-item observational tool with a range of 0 to 10 was developed. The tool, Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD), was compared with the Discomfort Scale and two visual analog scales (discomfort and pain) by trained raters/expert clinicians in the development study, and used for detection of analgesic efficacy in a quality improvement activity.ResultsAdequate levels of interrater reliability were achieved between dyads of the principal investigator with each clinical research rater and between two raters. PAINAD had satisfactory reliability by internal consistency with a one factor solution. PAINADthe Discomfort Scale-Dementia of Alzheimer Type (DS-DAT) were significantly correlated, providing evidence of construct validity. PAINAD detected statistically significant difference between scores obtained before and after receiving a pain medication.ConclusionsThe PAINAD is a simple, valid, and reliable instrument for measurement of pain in noncommunicative patients. Since the patient population used for its development and testing was limited to a relatively small number of males, further research is needed before it can be universally recommended.

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