• Xiangguo Qiu, Lisa Fernando, Judie B Alimonti, P Leno Melito, Friedericke Feldmann, Daryl Dick, Ute Ströher, Heinz Feldmann, and Steven M Jones.
• Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
• Plos One. 2009 Jan 1; 4 (5): e5547.

BackgroundZaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) produces a lethal viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe demonstrate that the VSVDeltaG/ZEBOVGP vaccine given 28 days pre-challenge either intranasally (IN), orally (OR), or intramuscularly (IM) protects non-human primates against a lethal systemic challenge of ZEBOV, and induces cellular and humoral immune responses. We demonstrated that ZEBOVGP-specific T-cell and humoral responses induced in the IN and OR groups, following an immunization and challenge, produced the most IFN-gamma and IL-2 secreting cells, and long term memory responses.Conclusions/SignificanceWe have shown conclusively that mucosal immunization can protect from systemic ZEBOV challenge and that mucosal delivery, particularly IN immunization, seems to be more potent than IM injection in the immune parameters we have tested. Mucosal immunization would be a huge benefit in any emergency mass vaccination campaign during a natural outbreak, or following intentional release, or for mucosal immunization of great apes in the wild.

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