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- K V Keuren and J A Eland.
- Pain Treatment Service, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
- Nurs. Clin. North Am. 1997 Mar 1; 32 (1): 31-44.
AbstractIn this article the authors review the developmental pathophysiology of pain and its effects on children. Assessment modalities for differing developmental levels in the pediatric patient are reviewed. Medical modalities including medications administered orally, patient-controlled analgesia, epidurals, and preemptive analgesia are described.
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