• Guillaume Monneret, Morgane Gossez, and Fabienne Venet.
• Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Hôpital E. Herriot, 5, place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon, Cedex, 03, France. guillaume.monneret@chu-lyon.fr.
• Crit Care. 2016 Jul 5; 20 (1): 186.

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that after the first pro-inflammatory hours, sepsis is characterized by the occurrence of severe immunosuppression. Several mechanisms have been reported to participate in sepsis-induced immune alterations affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. Of these, the concept of 'cell exhaustion' has gained a lot of interest because some parallels can be drawn with the cancer field in which immunostimulation approaches through blocking immune checkpoints currently obtain remarkable success. Herein, perspectives regarding co-inhibitory receptors' contribution to lymphocyte exhaustion in sepsis will be discussed in the context of a recently published study investigating the potential of PD-1 molecule expression (i.e. PD-1 on lymphocytes, PD-L1 on monocytes) to predict mortality in septic shock patients.

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