• Karin M Fredrikson and Tracy Fasolino.
• Karin M. Fredrikson, is with School of Nursing, Healthcare Genetics, College of Behavioral, Social, & Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA; Tracy Fasolino, is with School of Nursing, College of Behavioral, Social, & Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.
• J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2020 Jun 1; 34 (2): 69-76.

AbstractChronic pain is a common and costly healthcare problem where standard of care often involves the use of opioids and patient response varies widely. Designing a treatment plan based upon an individual's genetic signature provides an individualized patient-centered care approach that can improve functional status, quality of life, and reduce adverse drug events (ADEs). This paper will discuss the ethical implications of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing using the principlism framework of the four moral principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. Beneficence involves balancing the benefits and risks associated with PGx testing. Non-maleficence is the directive to do no harm to the patient in the delivery or use of PGx test results. Autonomy encompasses self-determination; the patient's right to select PGx testing. Justice is concerned with distributing benefits and burdens of PGx testing access and costs. Maximizing patient autonomy and beneficence during treatment promotes patient-centered care. Principlism supports PGx testing for patients experiencing chronic pain. Integrating PGx testing impact treatment plans and may improve the outlook for patients with chronic pain.

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