• T Law, V Chibabhai, and T Nana.
• Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. tina.law.za@gmail.com.
• S. Afr. Med. J. 2019 Dec 12; 110 (1): 55-64.

BackgroundInfection is a common complication for patients in intensive care units (ICUs), and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern. It is therefore crucial to monitor AMR patterns in order to support clinical decision-making and antimicrobial stewardship strategies. Clinical microbiologists should provide annual cumulative antibiogram reports, which can be used to guide initial empirical antimicrobial therapy for the management of infections.ObjectivesTo analyse the cumulative antibiograms for the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH) combined adult multidisciplinary ICU and high-care unit (HCU) for 2013 and 2017, compare the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) patterns between the 2 years, and analyse the subset of blood culture isolates.MethodsA retrospective descriptive analysis was performed of routine bacterial and fungal culture and AST data extracted from the National Health Laboratory Service laboratory information system for the ICU/HCU. Only the first diagnostic isolate of a given species per patient per year was included in the analysis. All analysis and reporting were done in accordance with the applicable Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.ResultsEnterobacteriaceae predominated in first-isolate cultures in 2013 (60%) and 2017 (56%). There was an overall decrease in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from 2013 (42%) to 2017 (30%) (p=0.013), accompanied by an increase in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from 2013 (4%) to 2017 (11%) (p=0.24). Although the total percentage of Acinetobacter spp. decreased in 2017 (p=0.021), the proportion of extensively drug-resistant isolates doubled to 68% in 2017 (p<0.001). The percentage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decreased significantly from 49% to 14% (p<0.001), along with a significant decrease in vancomycin-resistant enterococci from 17% to 0% (p=0.001). Candida auris increased from 0% in 2013 to 11% in 2017 (p=0.002), and non-albicans Candida spp. predominated (80%) in blood cultures in 2017 (p=0.023).ConclusionsAppropriate selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy should be guided by the ICU-specific antibiogram. The recommended empirical antimicrobial therapy at the CMJAH ICU/HCU based on the antibiogram analysis would include ertapenem to cover the Enterobacteriaceae. Amikacin is recommended for empirical treatment of suspected pseudomonal infections. Additional empirical antimicrobial therapy for Gram-positive organisms is not routinely advocated, and empirical antifungal therapy with amphotericin B or micafungin is only appropriate in patients at high risk for invasive candidiasis.

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