Spine
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Observational, anatomical, cadaveric study. ⋯ 5.
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Secondary analysis of a large administrative database. ⋯ 3.
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The enhanced perioperative care (EPOC) program is an institutional quality improvement initiative. We used a historically controlled study design to evaluate patients who underwent major spine surgery before and after the implementation of the EPOC program. ⋯ 3.
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Reliability study. ⋯ 3.