Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
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Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. · Apr 2019
Refractive Change and Incidence of Myopia Among A Group of Highly Selected Senior High School Students in China: A Prospective Study in An Aviation Cadet Prerecruitment Class.
To assess the incidence rate of myopia, refractive change, and the effects of influencing factors on a group of highly selected senior high school students in an Aviation Cadet prerecruitment class in China. ⋯ In this cohort of highly selected, nonmyopic students, longer outdoor activity time was a protective factor for both incident myopia and refractive change of myopic shift. The risk factors for incident myopia included lower hyperopic baseline refraction, more near work, and maternal myopia. The risk factors for refractive change of myopic shift included more hyperopic baseline refraction and more near work.
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Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. · Aug 2018
Ambient Air Currents Activate Corneal Nerves During Ocular Desiccation in Rats: Simultaneous Recordings of Neural Activity and Corneal Temperature.
Previously we found two types of corneal neurons that we hypothesized to play an important role in tearing. One type is called low threshold-cold sensitive plus dry sensitive (LT-CS + DS), and the other is termed high threshold-cold sensitive plus dry sensitive (HT-CS + DS). The present study examined critical stimuli influencing the activity of these neurons to elucidate environmental factors that may trigger this ocular reflex. ⋯ These results suggest that LT-CS + DS neurons play a role in the afferent trigger of tearing as we face the environment, exposing the cornea to prevailing air currents that produce a slight cooling of the ocular surface. By contrast, HT-CS + DS neurons may serve to protect the eyes from extreme dryness by eliciting nociception-evoked tearing when the OST or osmolarity of tears becomes injurious.
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Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. · Aug 2018
Murine Retinal Citrullination Declines With Age and is Mainly Dependent on Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4).
Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that serves many normal physiological functions. Studies have shown that this PTM-along with expression of the catalyzing enzymes, peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs)-are increased in autoimmune and age-related pathologies. PAD2 retinal expression has been previously documented in rat and human. Herein, we report on the expression levels and patterns of PAD2, PAD4, and retinal citrullination in the murine retina with age. ⋯ Both PAD2 and PAD4 expression and citrullination decrease with age in the murine retina. However, in the absence of PAD4, retinal citrullination is nearly abolished, indicating that PAD4 is a main effector for retinal citrullination under physiological conditions.
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Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. · Jul 2018
TRPV1 and TRPM8 Channels and Nocifensive Behavior in a Rat Model for Dry Eye.
Persistent ocular surface pain occurs in moderate to severe dry eye disease (DE); however, the mechanisms that underlie this symptom remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine if the transient receptor potential vanilloid ion channels play a role in hypertonic saline (HS)-evoked corneal reflexes in a model for aqueous tear deficient DE. ⋯ These results suggest that TRPV1 plays a significant role in mediating enhanced nocifensive behavior in DE, while TRPM8 may play a lesser role. Strategies to target specific transducer molecules on corneal nerves may prove beneficial as adjunct therapies in managing ocular pain in moderate to severe cases of DE.