Nutrition
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Obesity is a multifactorial, complex, and public health problem worldwide. Interaction between genes and environment as associated with diet may predispose an individual to obesity. In this sense, nutrigenetics appears to be a strategy that can improve understanding of the gene-diet interaction. ⋯ Additionally, polymorphisms in these genes were found to be associated with inappropriate eating behaviors, such as increased consumption of sweets and snacks, consumption of large food portions, desire to eat, and eating associated with emotional issues. Preliminary data has supported the gene-diet interaction in determining weight loss and gain in individuals with polymorphisms in the genes involved in energy intake. Despite the advent of nutrigenetics in obesity, it is still too early to define the dietary management for weight loss based on the presence or absence of obesity polymorphisms.
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Excessive sodium intake, despite current dietary advice, remains a global issue with cardiovascular and renal consequences. The aim of this study was to determine whether glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), used as antihyperglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management, may reduce salt cravings as they are known to reduce hedonic feeding behavior and are involved in sodium homeostasis by increasing renal sodium excretion. ⋯ Acute exenatide reduced sodium intake in light of a generalized reduction in food ingestion, while prolonged intervention with liraglutide did not lower sodium intake. Neither intervention affected salt craving. Given the known effects of these drugs on renal sodium excretion, blood pressure, and renal and cardiovascular outcome, it seems plausible to perform dedicated mechanistic studies in humans to assess the effects of GLP-1 RA administration on sodium balance.
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Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) lymphoma is associated with a risk for perforation while the patient is receiving chemotherapy. The role of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and bowel rest in preventing perforation is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of TPN and bowel rest in patients with GIT lymphoma who were receiving chemotherapy. ⋯ The present study demonstrated that TPN and bowel rest did not reduce the risk for perforation among patients with GIT lymphoma who were receiving chemotherapy. As the practice of prophylactic TPN and bowel rest was associated with higher infection risk and longer hospitalization, we do not recommend such practice for all patients with GIT lymphoma receiving chemotherapy.
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Clinical experience with patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) suggests a nutritional risk in this population. In addition to the lung pathology, a main pathophysiologic concern is the viscous mucus blocking pancreatic ducts, leading to reduced production of pancreatic enzymes. Therefore, maldigestion and consequently malabsorption (particularly fat and fat-soluble vitamins) occur, resulting in steatorrhea, vitamin deficiencies, and subsequently manifest malnutrition. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional status and determine the prevalence of malnutrition in an adult Swiss CF cohort. ⋯ Prevalence of malnutrition was high in this CF cohort, coinciding with low body fat percentage and low body mass index despite high energy and protein intake. Energy requirements of patients with CF should be estimated as approximately twice the Harris-Benedict REE and 1.7 times indirect calorimetry REE, while ensuring adequate intake of pancreatic enzymes.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in adherence to the Mediterranean diet, assessed by the alternative Mediterranean Diet (aMED) score, and diet quality, assessed by Healthy Eating Index 2015 to 2020 (HEI-2015), between presence and type of arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis). Additionally, the study investigated the association between aMED scores and HEI-2015 scores and the presence of arthritis. ⋯ Individuals diagnosed with arthritis can take steps to improve their diet quality as a possible route to reduce arthritis symptoms and maintain a healthy body weight. Further research on dietary patterns and their potential to treat and manage arthritis is warranted.