Der Schmerz
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Beside the procedures to ensure adequate ventilatory and circulatory support, analgesia, sedation and even anesthesia are essential parts of the preclinical treatment of patients with multiple injuries. The measures for extrication and positioning must be adjusted to minimize pain and excitation. ⋯ The therapy must take into account the special conditions concerning the patient, material and assisting personnel by choosing suitable techniques. The best results can be obtained if all kinds of measures can be administered from the site of the accident on up to the definitive care in the operating room.
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In the first stage of labor, pain is caused by distension of the cervix and low uterine segments in combination with isometric contraction of the uterus. Pain in the second stage of labor is dominated by tissue damage in the pelvis and perineum. Labor pain is due to an activation of nociceptors partly resulting from ischemia. ⋯ An increase in plasma catecholamines and glucocorticoids influences uterine contractions. The amount of beta-endorphin released from the pituitary and placenta into the blood is relatively high but obviously not sufficient to depress pain effectively. Adequate nerve block and epidural anesthesia, as well as measures to relieve anxiety, will help markedly to reduce the risks associated with labor pain.