Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. · Sep 2009
ReviewRenal volume, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
The relationship between renal volume and hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) occurs in childhood. Hypertension is associated not only with increased kidney volume but also with significantly increased left ventricular mass index. Moreover, this increase in left ventricular mass index occurs in children who have ADPKD with borderline hypertension (75th to 95th percentile) and is prevented with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) monotherapy. ⋯ There is a close correlation between the level of hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, deterioration of GFR, and the progressive enlargement of the cystic kidneys in adult ADPKD. Randomized clinical investigation indicates that ACEI and a BP goal of 120/80 mmHg are associated in a 7-yr study to reverse left ventricular hypertrophy. The effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition with dual blockade, ACEI and angiotensin receptor antagonists, on renal volume and kidney function is under study in the Halt Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease (HALT PKD) trial.
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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. · Aug 2009
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin moderately predicts acute kidney injury in critically ill adults.
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) has shown promise as a biomarker for the early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) in fixed models of injury, but its ability to predict AKI and provide prognostic information in critically ill adults is unknown. We prospectively studied a heterogeneous population of 451 critically ill adults, 64 (14%) and 86 (19%) of whom developed AKI within 24 and 48 h of enrollment, respectively. Median uNGAL at enrollment was higher among patients who developed AKI within 48 h compared with those who did not (190 versus 57 ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.001). ⋯ Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin remained independently associated with the development of AKI after adjustment for age, serum creatinine closest to enrollment, illness severity, sepsis, and intensive care unit (ICU) location, although it only marginally improved the predictive performance of the clinical model alone. A Cox proportional hazards model using time to first dialysis, adjusted for APACHE II score, suggested that uNGAL independently predicts severe AKI during hospitalization [HR 2.60, 95% CI:1.55 to 4.35]. In summary, although a single measurement of uNGAL exhibited moderate predictive utility for the development and severity of AKI in a heterogeneous ICU population, its additional contribution to conventional clinical risk predictors appears limited.
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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. · Aug 2009
Is there added value to adding ARB to ACE inhibitors in the management of CKD?
Antagonism of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) decreases BP and reduces proteinuria in chronic kidney disease. BP is decreased approximately 5 mmHg when angiotensin II blockers are added to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is less than typically seen when other agents are added to existing ACE inhibitor regimens. ⋯ Data regarding long-term preservation of renal function are lacking. We suggest dual RAAS blockade be used in patients with chronic kidney disease with residual proteinuria on maximal ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II blocker therapy, anticipating additional data with ongoing trials.
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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. · Jun 2009
Reduced production of creatinine limits its use as marker of kidney injury in sepsis.
Although diagnosis and staging of acute kidney injury uses serum creatinine, acute changes in creatinine lag behind both renal injury and recovery. The risk for mortality increases when acute kidney injury accompanies sepsis; therefore, we sought to explore the limitations of serum creatinine in this setting. In mice, induction of sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture in bilaterally nephrectomized mice increased markers of nonrenal organ injury and serum TNF-alpha. ⋯ In conclusion, sepsis reduces production of creatinine, which blunts the increase in serum creatinine after sepsis, potentially limiting the early detection of acute kidney injury. This may partially explain why small absolute increases in serum creatinine levels are associated with poor clinical outcomes. These data support the need for new biomarkers that provide better measures of renal injury, especially in patients with sepsis.