European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine
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Setting standards and implementing quality improvement in trauma care needs consideration of the definitions of standards, guidelines, recommendations and the present quality of trauma care. Essential factors for consideration are the chain of survival and different intervals which may decide on patient outcome: (a) the trauma (occurrence) to trauma recognition interval which has, until now, not been taken into consideration with regard to morbidity and mortality; (b) the scene time is part of the total prehospital time which comprises rescuing the entrapped patient, preparation of the patient for treatment, and transfer to a rescue vehicle. The medical part of the scene time, however, represents only 25% of the total scene time and an even lower percentage of the total prehospital time. ⋯ This is the case for fluid administration, endotracheal intubation, etc. Furthermore, the qualification of the different personnel responding to trauma alert needs to be taken into consideration as well as the quality of care provided by the individual hospitals. The following conclusions may thus be drawn: that, currently there is no scientifically proven standard or care for trauma patients; the role of trauma care standards in the reduction of mortality and morbidity has not yet been identified; implementing incorrect standards may lead to entirely inappropriate conclusions; and that it is essential to perform scientific investigations of the outlined factors in order to establish future standards of trauma care.
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For optimal treatment of burns an understanding of the pathophysiological changes occurring locally and systemically after injury is necessary. Accurate estimation of burn size and depth as well as early treatment is essential. Knowledge of the circumstances of the accident and experience in diagnosing physical signs are required in terms of the need for intubation, treatment of poisoning and the occurrence of other trauma.
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We report two cases of spontaneous life-threatening haemopneumothorax, successfully treated by early thoracotomy. In the first patient no source of bleeding could be identified. ⋯ The first patient benefited from early clot evacuation and in the second patient the bleeding could be controlled by electrocautery and a single suture of the bleeding vessel. These cases stress the need for early recognition and management of a potentially life-threatening event.
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Review Case Reports
Early electrocardiographic signs in acute massive pulmonary embolism.
As a result of the increasing accuracy in diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism by isotopic ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and pulmonary arterial angiography, the electrocardiographic changes associated with acute cor pulmonale are being abandoned as a diagnostic tool for this life-threatening disease. Nevertheless, certain electrocardiographic findings can raise the suspicion of pulmonary embolism. ⋯ In this case report we emphasize the importance of the electrocardiographic findings which forwarded the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Hence the necessary invasive diagnostic and therapeutic measures, i.e. pulmonary arterial angiography and thrombolytic therapy, can be taken immediately after admission to the emergency department.