Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society
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Objective. The aim of the paper is to present various relatively simple functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems that affect neural circuits and reflex behavior by providing necessary peripheral input to the lower extremities of incomplete spinal cord injured (SCI) persons. Methods. ⋯ The information about several gait variables can be first integrated and afterwards delivered to the walking subject as a single command. Conclusions. Significant improvements in the duration of the double support phase, metabolic energy expenditure, and physiologic cost index were observed when using FES-assisted training of walking in incomplete SCI persons.
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An area of recent interest is the development of a visual prosthesis by electrically stimulating neural tissue of blind patients. Major efforts in this area include electrode arrays implanted on or under the retina, around the optic nerve, and on or in the visual cortex. ⋯ Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering at University of Southern California (Los Angeles, CA) held a symposium which brought together experts from across the US to discuss the state of the art in this research area. This review article gives historical background in the field and summarizes the presentations from this meeting.