Drugs
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The value of combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β-agonists (ICS/LABA) is well recognized in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite differences in the pharmacological properties between two well-established ICS/LABA products (budesonide/formoterol and fluticasone/salmeterol), data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses suggest that these two products perform similarly under RCT conditions. In contrast, a few recently reported real-world comparative effectiveness studies have suggested that there are substantial differences between ICS/LABA combination treatments in terms of clinical and healthcare outcomes in patients with asthma or COPD. ⋯ These articles were then used to illustrate the unique challenges of CER studies, providing a summary of study results and limitations. We focus particularly on difficult biases and confounding factors that may be introduced before, during, and after the initiation of therapy. Beyond being a review of these two ICS/LABA combination treatments, this article is intended to help those who wish to assess the quality of CER published projects in asthma and COPD, or guide investigators who wish to design new CER studies for chronic respiratory disease treatments.
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Oral ponatinib (Iclusig(®)) is a novel kinase inhibitor structurally designed with a carbon-carbon triple bond to accommodate the T315I mutation in the ABL kinase domain. It has demonstrated inhibitory activity against native BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase and a variety of BCR-ABL mutants, including T315I. Ponatinib is approved for the treatment of adults with T315I-positive chronic-, accelerated- or blast-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), or Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) [in the EU and the USA], as well as those with chronic-, accelerated- or blast-phase CML, or Ph+ ALL who are resistant or intolerant to prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy (EU) or for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is indicated (USA). ⋯ Such benefits were observed regardless of whether the patients were resistant to dasatinib or nilotinib, or had the T315I mutation. Serious adverse reactions have been reported with ponatinib, with vascular occlusion, heart failure and hepatotoxicity prompting the US FDA to issue boxed warnings. Ponatinib is a valuable treatment option for adults with T315I-positive chronic-, accelerated- or blast-phase CML, or Ph+ ALL, as well as those with chronic-, accelerated- or blast-phase CML, or Ph+ ALL who are resistant or intolerant to prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, but before starting treatment, clinicians need to consider whether the potential benefits of therapy will outweigh the risks.