Drugs
-
Meta Analysis
Short- versus long-course antibacterial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia : a meta-analysis.
The evidence for traditionally recommended 7- to 14-day duration of antibacterial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is not well established. ⋯ No difference was found in the effectiveness and safety of short- versus long-course antimicrobial treatment of adult and paediatric patients with CAP of mild to moderate severity.
-
A large proportion of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), in particular those with relevant systemic-to-pulmonary shunts, will develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) if left untreated. Persistent exposure of the pulmonary vasculature to increased blood flow, as well as increased pressure, may result in pulmonary obstructive arteriopathy, which leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance that, if it approaches or exceeds systemic resistance, will result in shunt reversal. Eisenmenger's syndrome, the most advanced form of PAH associated with CHD, is defined as CHD with an initial large systemic-to-pulmonary shunt that induces severe pulmonary vascular disease and PAH, with resultant reversal of the shunt and central cyanosis. ⋯ One randomized controlled trial reported favourable short- and long-term outcomes of treatment with the orally active dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome. Lung transplantation with repair of the cardiac defect or combined heart-lung transplantation are options for Eisenmenger's syndrome patients with a poor prognosis. A treatment algorithm based on the one used in the treatment of PAH patients is proposed for patients with PAH associated with corrected and uncorrected congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts and Eisenmenger's syndrome.
-
We have analysed the published literature on eptacog alfa (recombinant factor VIIa; rFVIIa) for nonhaemophiliac conditions with the aim of determining its current place in therapy. Initial surgical and/or medical management is required for any patient with life-threatening bleeding. In those with continued life-threatening bleeding (i.e. despite maximal surgical and/or medical therapy), eptacog alfa may be considered as additional therapy, in exceptional circumstances. ⋯ In addition to conventional measures to stop bleeding (i.e. surgery and blood transfusion), correction of hypothermia and acidosis, and reversal of anticoagulation are all recommended. The outcomes (effectiveness and safety) of all off-label uses should be systematically evaluated and reported. Adequate data to assess cost effectiveness for eptacog alfa does not exist for most off-label indications.
-
When and how to treat invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is discussed in this review, with a focus on the two most prevalent non-endemic IFIs, namely invasive aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis. Early treatment initiation in patients with IFIs has a profound impact on mortality rates, but reliable diagnostic measures are lacking. This situation has led to the parallel use of different treatment strategies, e.g. prophylaxis, empirical and pre-emptive treatment, as well as targeted treatment in response to a definite diagnosis of IFI. ⋯ LAmB is a second-line treatment option in both settings. Early diagnosis of IFIs is imperative to facilitate treatment success. In all patients at risk for IFIs, blood cultures, galactomannan antigen and diagnostic imaging should be rigorously enforced.
-
Oral pregabalin, a calcium channel alpha(2)delta-subunit ligand with analgesic, anxiolytic and antiepileptic activity, has shown efficacy in the treatment of fibromyalgia. It has a multidimensional effect in the treatment of this complex condition, and is associated with rapid and clinically significant improvements in several outcome measures relating to core symptoms of the syndrome, including pain and sleep, in patients with long-standing fibromyalgia. ⋯ The most common adverse events associated with the drug are dizziness and somnolence, which are generally mild to moderate in intensity and are tolerated by many patients. Pregabalin is, therefore, a valuable option in the first-line treatment of patients with fibromyalgia.