Indian J Med Res
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One-fifth of the world's new tuberculosis (TB) cases and two-thirds of cases in the South East Asian region occur in India. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates has greatly facilitated to understand the transmission of TB. This study was aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of M. tuberculosis genotypes in Varanasi, north India, and their association with clinical presentation among patients with pulmonary TB. ⋯ This study gives an insight into the M. tuberculosis genetic biodiversity in Varanasi, north India, the predominant spoligotypes and their impact on disease transmission. In this region of north India, TB is caused by a wide diversity of spoligotypes with predominance of four genotype lineages: Beijing, CAS, EAI and T. The Beijing genotype was the most frequent single spoligotype and strongly associated with multi drug resistant (MDR)-TB isolates. These findings may have important implications for control and prevention of TB in north India.
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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, a major cause of childhood hepatitis is transmitted by orofaecal route. Children mostly suffer with subclinical infection but may have serious clinical implications leading to hospitalization and mortality. IgM ELISA and nRT PCR were conducted on the blood samples collected from HAV suspected paediatric cases referred to the viral diagnostic laboratory in the Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals at Jabalpur, Central India. ⋯ Of the 195 samples tested, 41 (21%) were positive for HAV antibodies, among which 38 (92%) belonged to paediatric age group and 32 per cent of these were hospitalized. nRT PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of HAV. Phylogenic analysis revealed circulation of genotype III A in central India. Regular serological and molecular monitoring would aid in understanding epidemiology of HAV and plan intervention strategies.
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The association between adiponectin and risk of cardiovascular disease is well known. The aim of the present study was to evaluate adiponectin and certain inflammatory markers and to determine the correlations between them in angiographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) in subjects with and without diabetes. ⋯ Adiponectin and other inflammatory markers such as sE-selectin and TNF-α showed a significant association with CAD. Hence, early assessment of such markers can help to identify high risk patients, and to reduce the inflammatory component of diabetes and CAD.
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Recent studies suggest an increasing antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection (UTI). We undertook this study to know the resistance pattern of E. coli causing UTI in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in north India, and to know the treatment given and response of the patients. ⋯ Our study showed that 76.5 per cent of E. coli isolates from urine samples of inpatients were MDR. Diabetes, chronic renal disease and catherization were some of the risk factors associated. The high rate of resistance could be because only inpatients were included and the increased usage of cephalosporins in our hospital for empirical therapy.
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Evidence has suggested that parenting styles have peculiar characteristics in families with drug-related issues. This study was undertaken to investigate the perception of crack (smoke cocaine) users and non-users about parental bonding quality regarding care and control in Brazil. ⋯ Our findings indicate that the perception of neglectful mothers and affectionless controlling fathers may be associated with the tendency of the children to be less resilient when facing stressful events, leading them to a greater risk to use crack.