The American journal of clinical nutrition
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 y: evidence from a large randomized trial.
The evidence that breastfeeding protects against obesity and a variety of chronic diseases comes almost entirely from observational studies, which have a potential for bias due to confounding, selection bias, and selective publication. ⋯ The breastfeeding promotion intervention resulted in substantial increases in the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding, yet it did not reduce the measures of adiposity, increase stature, or reduce blood pressure at age 6.5 y in the experimental group. Previously reported beneficial effects on these outcomes may be the result of uncontrolled confounding and selection bias.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition associated with obesity and with reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Abnormalities in appetite regulation in PCOS patients may contribute to difficulties in weight management. ⋯ PCOS was associated with lower fasting ghrelin and a smaller postprandial ghrelin suppression both before and after weight loss but was not associated with other postprandial gut peptides, subjective satiety, or food intake. It is not clear whether appetite regulation is impaired in PCOS.