The American journal of clinical nutrition
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in African Americans: results of a 4-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Association studies have suggested that lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in African Americans may partially underlie higher rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer in this population. Nonetheless, the relation between vitamin D supplementation and 25(OH)D concentrations in African Americans remains undefined. ⋯ Within African Americans, an estimated 1640 IU vitamin D₃/d was required to achieve concentrations of plasma 25(OH)D recommended by the Institute of Medicine, whereas 4000 IU/d was needed to reach concentrations predicted to reduce cancer and cardiovascular disease risk in prospective observational studies. These results may be helpful for informing future trials of disease prevention.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Does behavioral intervention in pregnancy reduce postpartum weight retention? Twelve-month outcomes of the Fit for Delivery randomized trial.
Excessive weight gain during pregnancy is a risk factor for postpartum weight retention and future weight gain and obesity. Whether a behavioral intervention in pregnancy can reduce long-term weight retention is unknown. ⋯ A low-intensity behavioral intervention in pregnancy can reduce 12-mo postpartum weight retention and improve dietary restraint and self-weighing in study completers. Future research is needed to test the long-term effects of more intensive behavioral interventions in pregnancy. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01117961.
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Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations during pregnancy have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in a few studies but not in other studies. ⋯ Low 25(OH)D serum concentrations in the first trimester of pregnancy are not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and do not predict complications any better than routinely assessed clinical and maternal risk-factor information.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of vitamin D supplementation on antibiotic use: a randomized controlled trial.
Observational data suggested that supplementation with vitamin D could reduce risk of infection, but trial data are inconsistent. ⋯ Although this study was a post hoc analysis and statistically nonsignificant, this trial lends some support to the hypothesis that supplementation with 60,000 IU vitamin D/mo is associated with lower risk of infection, particularly in older adults. The trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (anzctr.org.au) as ACTRN12609001063202.
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The role of the Mediterranean diet among individuals with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) is uncertain. ⋯ Adherence to a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern was associated with lower all-cause mortality in individuals with CVD.