The American journal of clinical nutrition
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Randomized Controlled Trial
The Canadian Trial of Carbohydrates in Diabetes (CCD), a 1-y controlled trial of low-glycemic-index dietary carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes: no effect on glycated hemoglobin but reduction in C-reactive protein.
The optimal source and amount of dietary carbohydrate for managing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are unknown. ⋯ In subjects with T2DM managed by diet alone with optimal glycemic control, long-term HbA1c was not affected by altering the GI or the amount of dietary carbohydrate. Differences in total:HDL cholesterol among diets had disappeared by 6 mo. However, because of sustained reductions in postprandial glucose and CRP, a low-GI diet may be preferred for the dietary management of T2DM.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 y: evidence from a large randomized trial.
The evidence that breastfeeding protects against obesity and a variety of chronic diseases comes almost entirely from observational studies, which have a potential for bias due to confounding, selection bias, and selective publication. ⋯ The breastfeeding promotion intervention resulted in substantial increases in the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding, yet it did not reduce the measures of adiposity, increase stature, or reduce blood pressure at age 6.5 y in the experimental group. Previously reported beneficial effects on these outcomes may be the result of uncontrolled confounding and selection bias.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition associated with obesity and with reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Abnormalities in appetite regulation in PCOS patients may contribute to difficulties in weight management. ⋯ PCOS was associated with lower fasting ghrelin and a smaller postprandial ghrelin suppression both before and after weight loss but was not associated with other postprandial gut peptides, subjective satiety, or food intake. It is not clear whether appetite regulation is impaired in PCOS.
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Little is known regarding vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in African populations and in tuberculosis (TB) patients. VDD has been shown to be associated with TB. ⋯ Hypovitaminosis D was highly prevalent in TB patients and in healthy controls living at 12 degrees N; severe VDD was rare in TB patients. The finding indicates that the serum 25(OH)D(3) concentration is associated with TB infection, but whether this role is a symptom or is causal was not established.