Geriatrics
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Chronic non-cancer pain is notoriously undertreated, especially when the source cannot be identified by objective testing. Effective treatment often requires a combination of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches. This article describes current medication management of chronic pain, with particular attention to opioids. ⋯ Regarding opioids, the article addresses concerns about addiction potential; distinguishes between addiction and physical dependency; details the role of tolerance to different effects of opioids; and discusses their safety. With appropriate dosing, vigilant management, and careful tapering, opioids are a safe and effective choice for pain management in older adults. Appropriate follow-up guidelines are presented.