Arch Iran Med
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Nipple discharge is a common finding which may be a symptom of breast cancer, but it is mostly caused by benign causes. A surgical biopsy followed by a histopathological examination is considered to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of pathological nipple discharge. Non-surgical diagnostic methods should be considered to reduce the need for intervention. Ductal lavage cytology (DLC) is performed by washing and examining the ductal discharge. The usefulness of examining spontaneous discharge is controversial. This study's aim is to evaluate the usefulness in surgical decision-making of ultrasonography (USG), mammography (MMG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ductography, and DLC in patients with pathological nipple discharge. ⋯ Numerous studies report that cytology is not adequate for final diagnosis. Negative cytology does not exclude the possibility of malignancy, and positive results do not help in the differential diagnosis.
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Ectopic opening of the common bile duct (CBD) is extremely rare, and its importance has not been adequately defined. The aim of our study is to present the characteristics of patients with this abnormality. ⋯ Ectopic opening of CBD is usually associated with gastroduodenal and bile ducts disease. Endoscopic treatment is unsatisfactory in most patients with this abnormality.
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Since 1990, the maternal mortality significantly decreased at global scale as well as the North Africa and Middle East. However, estimates for mortality and morbidity by cause and age at national scale in this region are not available. ⋯ MMR has significantly declined in the region since 1990 and only five countries (Afghanistan, Sudan, Yemen, Morocco, and Algeria) out of 21 nations didn't achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target of 70 deaths per 100000 live births in 2019. Despite the convergence in trends, there are still disparities across countries.
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Iran was one of the first countries to become an epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. However, there is a dearth of data on the outcomes of COVID-19 and predictors of death in intensive care units (ICUs) in Iran. We collected extensive data from patients admitted to the ICUs of the one of the tertiary referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran, to investigate the predictors of ICU mortality. ⋯ The findings are consistent with and add to the currently existing international literature. The findings may be used to predict risk of mortality from COVID-19 and provide some guidance on potential treatments.