Middle East journal of digestive diseases
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Middle East J Dig Dis · Jan 2013
ReviewThe Useage of Opioids and their Adverse Effects in Gastrointestinal Practice: A Review.
Opium is one of the oldest herbal medicines currently used as an analgesic, sedative and antidiarrheal treatment. The effects of opium are principally mediated by the μ-, κ- and δ-opioid receptors. Opioid substances consist of all natural and synthetic alkaloids that are derived from opium. ⋯ Underlying diseases or medications known to influence the central nervous system (CNS) often accelerate the opioid's adverse effects. However, changing the opioid and/or route of administration could also decrease their adverse effects. Appropriate patient selection, patient education and discussion regarding potential adverse effects may assist physicians in maximizing the effectiveness of opioids, while reducing the number and severity of adverse effects.