Pediatric research
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Hyperoxic reoxygenation following hypoxia increases the expression of inflammatory genes in the neonatal mouse brain. We have therefore compared the temporal profile of 44 a priori selected genes after hypoxia and hyperoxic or normoxic reoxygenation. ⋯ We confirm that hyperoxic reoxygenation induces a stronger inflammatory gene response than reoxygenation with air.
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We sought to determine optimal methods of respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) flow calibration for application to pediatric postextubation upper airway obstruction. ⋯ In an animal model of pediatric UAO, isovolume calibrated RIP flow tracings are accurate against spirometry. QDC during tidal breathing yields poor RIP flow calibration, particularly as UAO worsens. Routine use of a NIF maneuver before extubation affords the opportunity to use RIP to study postextubation UAO in children.
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Carlo Agostoni, MD, and Kwang Sik Kim, MD, are the Guest Editors for this annual review issue on Nutrition and the Microbiome. Dr Agostoni is a Professor of Pediatrics at the Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, within the Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan. Dr Kim is Professor of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health; and Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, MD.
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Review
Social inequalities in early childhood health and development: a European-wide systematic review.
The evidence examining the relationship between specific social factors and early childhood health and developmental outcomes has never been systematically collated or synthesized. This review aims to identify the key social factors operating at the household, neighborhood, and country levels that drive inequalities in child health and development. Medline and CHICOS (a European child-cohort inventory) were systematically searched to identify all European studies published within the past 10 y. 13,270 Medline articles and 77 European child cohorts were searched, identifying 201 studies from 32 European countries. ⋯ Similar association trends were observed across most European countries, with only minor country-level differences. Multiple adverse social factors operating at both the household and neighborhood levels are independently associated with a range of adverse health and developmental outcomes throughout early childhood. The social gradient in health and developmental outcomes observed throughout the remaining life course may be partly explained by gradients initiated in early childhood.