American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. · Sep 2013
Comparative StudyChronic atrial fibrillation causes left ventricular dysfunction in dogs but not goats: experience with dogs, goats, and pigs.
Structural remodeling in chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs over weeks to months. To study the electrophysiological, structural, and functional changes that occur in chronic AF, the selection of the best animal model is critical. AF was induced by rapid atrial pacing (50-Hz stimulation every other second) in pigs (n = 4), dogs (n = 8), and goats (n = 9). ⋯ In our experience, the pig model is not appropriate for chronic rapid atrial pacing-induced AF studies. Rate-controlled chronic AF in the dog model developed HF and LV fibrosis, whereas the goat model developed only atrial fibrosis without ventricular dysfunction and fibrosis. Both the dog and goat models are representative of segments of the patient population with chronic AF.
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. · Sep 2013
Identifying cellular mechanisms of zinc-induced relaxation in isolated cardiomyocytes.
We tested several molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte contraction-relaxation function that could account for the reduced systolic and enhanced diastolic function observed with exposure to extracellular Zn(2+). Contraction-relaxation function was monitored in isolated rat and mouse cardiomyocytes maintained at 37°C, stimulated at 2 or 6 Hz, and exposed to 32 μM Zn(2+) or vehicle. Intracellular Zn(2+) detected using FluoZin-3 rose to a concentration of ∼13 nM in 3-5 min. ⋯ These findings suggest that Zn(2+) suppresses cardiomyocyte systolic function and enhances relaxation function by lowering systolic and diastolic intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations due to a combination of competitive inhibition of Ca(2+) influx through the L-type calcium channel, reduction of SR Ca(2+) load resulting from phospholamban dephosphorylation, and lowered SR Ca(2+) leak via RyR dephosphorylation. The use of the low-Ca(2+)-affinity Fura-2FF likely prevented the detection of changes in diastolic Ca(2+) and SERCA2a function. Other strategies to detect diastolic Ca(2+) in the presence of Zn(2+) are essential for future work.
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. · Aug 2013
ReviewRole of mitochondrial dysfunction and altered autophagy in cardiovascular aging and disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics.
Advanced age is associated with a disproportionate prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intrinsic alterations in the heart and the vasculature occurring over the life course render the cardiovascular system more vulnerable to various stressors in late life, ultimately favoring the development of CVD. Several lines of evidence indicate mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor to cardiovascular senescence. ⋯ The involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular conditions especially prevalent in late life and the emerging connections with neurodegeneration are also illustrated. Special emphasis is placed on recent discoveries on the role played by alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), mitophagy, and their interconnections in the context of age-related CVD and endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we discuss pharmacological interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to delay cardiovascular aging and manage CVD.
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. · Aug 2013
Comparative StudyDistinct loading conditions reveal various patterns of right ventricular adaptation.
Right ventricular (RV) failure due to chronically abnormal loading is a main determinant of outcome in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and congenital heart disease. However, distinct types of RV loading have been associated with different outcomes. To determine whether the adaptive RV response depends on loading type, we compared hemodynamics, exercise, and hypertrophy in models of pressure overload due to pulmonary artery banding (PAB), pressure overload due to PH, combined pressure and volume overload, and isolated volume load. ⋯ Additional volume overload strongly enhanced hypertrophy in PH. We conclude that different types of loading result in distinct patterns of RV adaptation. This is of importance for the approach to patients with chronically increased RV load and for experimental studies in various types of RV failure.
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. · Jul 2013
Apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic D-4F enhances isoflurane-induced eNOS signaling and cardioprotection during acute hyperglycemia.
Acute hyperglycemia (AHG) decreases the availability of nitric oxide (NO) and impairs anesthetic preconditioning (APC)-elicited protection against myocardial infarction. We investigated whether D-4F, an apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic, rescues the myocardium by promoting APC-induced endothelial NO signaling during AHG. Myocardial infarct size was measured in mice in the absence or presence of APC [isoflurane (1.4%)] with or without AHG [dextrose (2 g/kg ip)] and D-4F (0.12 or 0.6 mg/kg ip). ⋯ These actions were attenuated by AHG (NO production: 264 ± 18 pmol/mg protein). D-4F reduced superoxide generation and enhanced caveolin-1 and eNOS caveolar compartmentalization and posttranslational eNOS modifications, thus restoring NO production during isoflurane and AHG (418 ± 36 pmol/mg protein). In conclusion, D-4F restored the cardioprotective effect of APC during AHG, possibly by decreasing superoxide generation, which promoted isoflurane-induced eNOS signaling and NO biosynthesis.