Randomized Controlled Trial

Identification of the epidural space: loss of resistance with air, lidocaine, or the combination of air and lidocaine.

Anesth. Analg. 2004 Jul 1; 99 (1): 245-50.
Article

Discriminant analysis for anaesthetic decision-making: an intelligent recognition system for epidural needle insertion.

Br J Anaesth. 2012 Feb 1;108(2):302-7.
Article

Identification of the epidural space using pressure measurement with the compuflo injection pump--a pilot study.

Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008 Jul 1;33(4):346-52.