Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases
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Exertional dyspnea and exercise incapacity are the most prominent and disabling symptoms and the main contributors to health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). ⋯ PFTs and lung volumes in particular are closely related to the HRCT score, a measure of the extent of IPF. The correlation of dyspnea score and 6-MWD to PFTs is limited, due to the complexity of mechanisms leading to exercise limitation in IPF. Therefore dyspnea and exercise performance are largely independent indices and should be followed together with PFTs and HRCT score in order to better assess the status and progress of IPF patients.
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Comparative Study
Comparison of experimental lung injury from acute renal failure with injury due to sepsis.
Acute renal failure (ARF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) coexist frequently, and the mortality rate of this combination is very high. It is well established that cytokines and chemokines play a major role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. In addition, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been shown to be protective against ARDS. ⋯ We conclude that the pathophysiology of ARDS following ARF is distinct from that in sepsis. ARF-induced ARDS is characterized by a low level of cellular infiltration, induction of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2, and a discrete expression profile of HSPs.
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Measurements in absolute terms of the whole respiratory movement pattern (range, type, symmetry, rhythm and frequency of breathing movements) of healthy individuals are valuable for reference, when assessing patients with conditions affecting respiration. ⋯ As men and women have similar breathing movements during quiet breathing their reference values can be combined. On the other hand, separate reference values are needed for men and women for deep breathing.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study Comparative Study
Efficacy of nebulized flunisolide combined with salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in stable patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The efficacy of nebulized corticosteroids in the prevention of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been poorly studied. ⋯ Nebulized flunisolide is a good alternative to other inhaled corticosteroids when added to nebulized salbutamol/ipratropium bromide in the long-term treatment of moderate-to-severe COPD patients.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study
The effect of tiotropium on hyperinflation and exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation, which results in the progressive development of dyspnea and exercise limitation. ⋯ Tiotropium 18 mug once daily reduced hyperinflation with consequent improvements in walking distance and HRQoL in patients with COPD and lung hyperinflation.