Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases
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Measurements in absolute terms of the whole respiratory movement pattern (range, type, symmetry, rhythm and frequency of breathing movements) of healthy individuals are valuable for reference, when assessing patients with conditions affecting respiration. ⋯ As men and women have similar breathing movements during quiet breathing their reference values can be combined. On the other hand, separate reference values are needed for men and women for deep breathing.
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Multicenter Study Comparative Study
Gender and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in high-risk smokers.
Data suggest that women are more susceptible to develop airway obstruction compared to men for the same number of cigarettes smoked. ⋯ Using the GOLD criteria, the prevalence of COPD in smokers was higher than previous reports. In this self-selected sample of high-risk smokers having the same smoking history, prevalence was lower in women than in men, suggesting a lower susceptibility for the development of airway obstruction.