Neurocritical care
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Airway management and ventilation are central to the resuscitation of the neurologically ill. These patients often have evolving processes that threaten the airway and adequate ventilation. ⋯ Therefore, airway, ventilation, and sedation was chosen as an emergency neurological life support protocol. Topics include airway management, when and how to intubate with special attention to hemodynamics and preservation of cerebral blood flow, mechanical ventilation settings, and the use of sedative agents based on the patient's neurological status.
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Sustained intracranial hypertension and acute brain herniation are "brain codes," signifying catastrophic neurological events that require immediate recognition and treatment to prevent irreversible injury and death. As in cardiac arrest, a brain code mandates the organized implementation of a stepwise management algorithm. The goal of this emergency neurological life support protocol is to implement an evidence-based, standardized approach to the evaluation and management of patients with intracranial hypertension and/or herniation.
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The frequency and associations of spontaneous hyperventilation in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are unknown. Because hyperventilation decreases cerebral blood flow, it may exacerbate delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and worsen neurological outcome. ⋯ Spontaneous hyperventilation is common in SAH and is associated with DCI and poor neurological outcome.
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Leukocytosis is a reaction that is usually, but not always, associated with an infectious process. There is very little data on the significance of admission leukocytosis (AL) in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The purpose of this study was to investigate the associated clinical and radiologic findings and prognostic significance of AL in patients with ICH. ⋯ AL in ICH patients is often non-infectious, strongly associated with the presence of IVH, but not specifically an ominous indicator for outcome. Leukocyte count has an inverse relationship with GCS0. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administered Through an External Ventricular Drain.
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) frequently complicates spontaneous intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Administration of intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) accelerates blood clearance, but optimal dosing has not been clarified. Using a standardized TPA dose, we assessed peak cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TPA concentrations, the rate at which TPA clears, and the relationship between TPA concentration and biological activity. ⋯ The pharmacokinetics of intraventricular TPA administration varies between individual patients. TPA dose does not need to exceed 2 mg. The optimal administration interval is every 8-12 h.