Pharmacology
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Comparative Study
Differential analgesic effects of a mu-opioid peptide, [Dmt(1)]DALDA, and morphine.
H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH(2) ([Dmt(1)]DALDA), a highly selective micro-opioid peptide, is potently analgesic after systemic and intrathecal administration but is less potent given intracerebroventricularly. This study was performed to further characterize the analgesic effects of [Dmt(1)]DALDA. ⋯ Systemic [Dmt(1)]DALDA has a unique analgesic property clearly different from that of morphine and it has a propensity to produce spinal analgesia.
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Comparative Study
Characterization of two models of drug-induced constipation in mice and evaluation of mustard oil in these models.
Although it is known that both clonidine and loperamide cause delayed colonic transit in mice, these models of drug-induced experimental constipation have not yet been fully characterized. Therefore, the aims of this study were to validate the clonidine- and loperamide-induced delays of colonic transit in mice as models of atonic and spastic constipation, respectively, and to evaluate the effect of mustard oil, a TRPA1 agonist, in both models. Colonic transit was evaluated in mice by determining the time needed to evacuate a bead inserted into the distal colon. ⋯ Atropine, an antispastic drug, improved the loperamide-induced delay, but did not affect the clonidine-induced delay. Mustard oil accelerated the colonic transit dose-dependently in both models of drug-induced constipations. These results indicate that clonidine- and loperamide-induced delays in colonic transit are models of atonic and spastic constipation, respectively, and that mustard oil may be effective on both types of constipation.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Haloperidol versus haloperidol plus ondansetron for the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting after ophthalmologic surgery.
In this prospective, randomized, and double-blinded study we investigated the efficacy of haloperidol (10 microg/kg) and the combination of haloperidol (10 microg/kg) with ondansetron (0.1 mg/kg) for the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after ophthalmologic surgery. ⋯ The single use of haloperidol for the prophylaxis of PONV is doubtful. Better results were obtained with the combination therapy of haloperidol with ondansetron, especially for vomiting.
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Multicenter Study
Gender-based differences in drug prescription: relation to adverse drug reactions.
The female gender appears to suffer from more adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than the male gender. So far, there has been no epidemiologic study analyzing gender-based differences in drug prescribing and its ADR risks. The aim of the present study was to establish a drug risk stratification adjusted to age, number of prescriptions and drug classes with respect to gender differences based on intensive data acquisition methods. ⋯ Antibacterials and anti-inflammatory agents cause more ADRs in females as compared to males.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of changes in alveolar ventilation on isoflurane arterial blood concentration and its uptake into the human body.
We investigated whether minute alveolar ventilation affects isoflurane concentration in arterial blood and uptake of isoflurane into the body. Thirty female patients scheduled to undergo elective gynecological surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups: i.e. hyperventilation, normal ventilation and hypoventilation. Inspiratory (CIiso) and end-tidal (CEiso) concentrations of isoflurane were measured by infrared analysis, and arterial blood isoflurane concentration (Aiso) was analyzed by gas chromatography. ⋯ During the second half of the study (20-40 min), the slope Aiso-over-time curve did not differ among the three groups. Changes in ventilation affected the concentration of isoflurane in arterial blood but did not significantly alter the uptake of it during the last 20 min of the study. The change of alveolar ventilation altered the speed of functional residual capacity wash-in by isoflurane, which was the integral factor influencing Aiso and body uptake of isoflurane.