Future cardiology
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Current guidelines have no recommendations on the utilization of novel oral anticoagulants, such as dabigatran, for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with mechanical heart valves. However, recent studies on the use of dabigatran in patients with atrial fibrillation and animal studies have suggested a new potential role for dabigatran in patients with mechanical heart valves. The study by Eikelboom et al. investigates this important clinical question in a prospective, randomized controlled Phase II clinical trial. ⋯ The composite of stroke, systemic embolism, myocardial infarction and death was 8% in the dabigatran group and 2% in the warfarin group (hazard ratio: 3.37; 95% CI: 0.76–14.95; p = 0.11). There were significantly higher bleeding rates of any type in the dabigatran group (27%) compared with the warfarin group (12%; hazard ratio: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.23–4.86; p = 0.01). These results demonstrated a higher risk and no additional benefits in using dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves.
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It is inevitable that all patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) will die during extended follow-up. End-of-life care planning may become appropriate as a patient's condition deteriorates. There is concern about multiple futile shocks in the final hours of life, although the incidence of this problem has been estimated at only 8-16%. ⋯ As such, ICD deactivation is often discussed late or not at all. The management of ICDs in patients approaching death is likely to become a major problem in the coming years. This article will discuss directions in which clinical practice might develop and areas for future research.
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The previously published randomized trials of mechanical versus manual resuscitation of patients with cardiac arrest are inconclusive, but a recent systematic review concluded: "There is no evidence that mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices improve survival; to the contrary they may worsen neurological outcome." However, in our view, none of the randomized trials to date are definitive as the manual groups with primary cardiac arrest have not been treated optimally; that is, with minimally interrupted manual chest compressions, as advocated with cardiocerebral resuscitation. Since the mechanical chest compression devices work on different principles, it is possible that, while they may not be as effective and may even be worse in some subsets of patients, they may be preferable in others. Nevertheless, there are situations where manual chest compressions are not practical and, in these, mechanical devices may well be preferable. ⋯ The original LUCAS device had the potential of active decompression as well as compression. To market in the USA, holes had to be placed in the 'suction cup'. It would be informative to know whether the original LUCAS device is more effective than the device in which the active decompression has been deactivated.
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Long-term oral anticoagulant (OAC) and dual-antiplatelet therapy are commonly needed in patients with atrial fibrillation and in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), respectively. The combination of atrial fibrillation and PCI is frequent, and leads to a dilemma for antithrombotic therapy, where risk of stroke or stent thrombosis must be balanced with bleeding risk. In the WOEST study, 573 patients on OAC undergoing PCI were randomly assigned to receive clopidogrel alone or clopidogrel plus aspirin. ⋯ Moreover, a composite secondary end point of death, myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis was significantly lower in the dual-therapy group compared with the triple-therapy group. In spite of its limitations, the WOEST study constitutes a major breakthrough, showing that long-term aspirin after PCI may be obsolete in certain circumstances. This needs to be confirmed in further studies.