Singapore medical journal
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Singapore medical journal · Mar 2024
HER2-low breast cancers: challenges in the interpretation of immunohistochemistry.
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein in breast cancers carries significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. Anti-HER2 blockade has shown to be a useful adjunct to surgery in treating HER2-positive tumours. ⋯ At present, IHC scores 0, 1+ and 2+ show significant interobserver variability, and identifying HER2-low breast cancers may pose significant challenges with the current algorithms. More work is needed in this area to better define HER2-low breast cancers, target the appropriate group of patients and assess treatment efficacy.
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Singapore medical journal · Mar 2024
Diagnostic threshold and performance of anion gap in screening for high anion gap metabolic acidosis.
The anion gap (AG) is commonly used to screen for acid-base disorders. It was proposed that the cut-off for high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) may be lower with current laboratory techniques, although modern laboratory equipment are still calibrated to familiar reference ranges established with earlier techniques. The appropriate cut-off for HAGMA is unclear. This study aimed to assess the performance of AG as a screening test for HAGMA and to determine the optimal diagnostic threshold of AG for HAGMA. ⋯ The recommended AG threshold value is ≥15 mEq/L with a high sensitivity for HAGMA. The AG should always be interpreted with the clinical context, and it should be repeated as the clinical picture evolves.